pneumatology), ethical (love and sin), spiritual (the claims of the opponents for a mystical and intimate relationship with God), and political (struggles over the Elder’s authority). It is difficult to reconstruct the entire controversy, since we are able to infer the views of the opponents only through the writings of the Elder.14 Doctrine: Christ and the Spirit The secessionists, while affirming the deity of Christ, denied his humanity. They rejected the incarnation, that “the Word became flesh